Relationships between Sassanid's and Gupta Dynasty

Abdolrahim Ghazi[1], Dr.R.Rajanna[2]

Abstract:

Relations between Iran and India go for back in history. All hand scripts and reports of historians, legendaries, tales and play scripts are approving the authenticity of this claim. Whatever we have received from the above mentioned documents, all show the existence of relations between these two countries and consequently similarity in the history of both. There are some similarities between Avesta and Indian Vida which is the result of relations between Arian speaking nations before being separated from each other, after separation some of them inhabited in India and some in Iran.

During Sassanid era, because of more commercial and cultural relations between these two countries, Christianity entered to India from Iran, then churches were started to be built. Because Sassanid's wanted to know Indic civilization in a more broader way, for this purpose they sent some people over there and they tried to use their medical and literature treasures.

Key words:

Sassanid, Gupta, Politics, Culture and art, Economy, Religion

Introduction:

This era not only for Iranians, but also for all other countries in the world is considered as an important era. Before this era, the moralities of east had never got such popularity in west and Sassanid's emperor was considered as the bridge, connecting thoughts of big civilization of India Byzantium and China. Both great civilization of India and Iran, with their rich culture and old civilization have got strong historical and cultural relations during the past centuries and as Jawaher lal Nehru former prime minister of India says: ''Indian and Iranian nations were so closed together, in such a way that it's impossible to find any other two nations with the same level of relations and that’s because these two countries were having great history in race and culture and both are having the same origin (Ariaee).''

Similarities between these two civilizations can be found in such areas as: language, customs and any other moral and behavioral characteristics, also it's not possible to ignore the effect of Iranian culture on Indian culture during the last millennium.

At the time, when Sassanid's were ruling Iran, the neighbor countries of Iran, India and China, also were having the same type of strong kings, like Han and Tang dynasty in China and Gupta in India.

In this article, for the purpose of having a survey on the relations of Iran and India during Sassanid era, a short review of both Sassanid and Gupta emperor is given and at last their relations in different areas will be discussed in more details.

Sassanid's:

Sassanid's dynasty (the name of which is derived from Sassan, who was the emperor of Parths and the most sincerest of all prayers of Anahita Temple in Istakhr) was ruling Iran from 3rd to 7th century and was the last emperor of Iran before dominance of Islam. This dynasty was formed by Ardashir1 at 226 A.D., after his victory over Ardavan5 (the last king of Parths).

Sassanid's era can be considered as the political and opinion related outburst of the Iranian nation over parts and its aim was to revive ''Achaemenids emperor'', that considering themselves as their heir and their government was on the basis of religion and political centralization[3] -opposing to Parthians- (Arsacids) which was on the basis of confederacy.

From the beginning up to the end of this dynasty, king was chosen from Sassanid's lineage, of course the short term reign of ‘‘Bahram chubin'' (Bahram 6) should not be chosen. King was considered to be chosen by god and they were considering kings as having the right of ruling. Kings have got lots of power up to 3rd century before Christ. During the fourth century, until ''shapur 2" reaches to the age of majority, theocracy and aristocracy were dominant.

"Khosroes 1" (Anoshiravan) with the intension of setting all "Mazdaki" anarchies, reorganized aristocrats and during the 7th century, reputation and power of the kings declined, so that kings were only the puppets in the hands of aristocrats. Of course this is one of the major reasons behind the decline and collapse of Sassanid's dynasty.[4]

Having ambition of reviving "Achaemenids emperor”, Sassanid's started to recklessly spread their territory and during the last year of "Khosroes 2" (Parviz), but military triumph along with their long political activities made them weak and consequently Islamic forces occupied states one by one; Because Sassanid's army got beat in "Mesopotamian deserts", so there was no trained and permanent army to stand against them and for this reason Sassanid's dynasty got collapsed.

Sassanid's kings, ruling in Iran for four centuries (226-651 A.D.), were having friendly relations with Indian kings and these relations are more considerable during Gupta (320-550 A.D.).

Iran during Sassanid's was considered as a powerful country having dominance over so many countries and leaving effect on them and also getting affected by their culture. During this dynasty, Iran has got a strong culture and affects the other neighbor countries and simultaneously it got the support of the other countries and enjoyed from having relations with the neighbor countries community. 

Gupta's:

 Gupta dynasty at the same time was ruling north and central India; south part of India also was governed by Chalukyas. In 320 B.C. Magadha, southern Bihar, an independent monarchy was established which was called as Gupta, they were ruling major parts at north of India founder of this dynasty was ruling somewhere around Patali Potra (north Calcutta) and it's said that these founders were anonymous (unknown) people.[5]

Gupta's era is known as classic era in the history of India.[6] This dynasty was supported by Brahmas and while having freedoms of religion, Buddhist also could achieve a success in preaching their religion.

"Chandra Gupta" was one of the biggest kings of the dynasty and he was the third king of the reign. He married to princess "Lichehavi" and got the title of "Maharaja Adhiraja" or "King of kings" and was ruling north part of India except Punjab.[7] His government in India was at the same time as "Shapur2" in Iran. He minted coins in his name and his wife's name also can be seen there.[8] Almost all the kings that got defeated by him were ruling confederacy and they were ruling small territories. He died in 325 A.D and "Samudra Gupta" was his successor. "Samudra Gupta" was powerful in army and he is considered as one of the biggest kings of India. He had a sense of poetry and was playing music also. The time of his kingdom is known as the time of spreading science and knowledge in India.[9] Writings on the grave stones remaining from his era show that even if he couldn’t get famous for occupying other countries, but he could get famous for arts.

He died in 380 A.D. "Chandra Gupta 2" (380-415 A.D.) also was one of the powerful kings of his dynasty, who was known as Vikram Adyta (ie: victorious). He was accompanying his father in his kingdom and after defeating the enemies got this title.[10] He occupied so many countries and reached "Arab Bank" and started making relations with other countries and sent some messengers to Iran and Rome court. During his father and also his own kingdom, the north part of India was completely safe and people were interested in science and knowledge. "Kalidasa”, the greatest scriptwriter was living in his palace.[11] In this era, people were living in peace and king also (like Iranian kings) has got an army for protecting him, Gupta kings were using gold and silver in minting their coins.[12]

The commencement of Gupta's was similar to Sassanid's from some aspects, such as:

1-In the case of both dynasty , there is a difference between the historians , according to some of the historians , founder of both dynasty were common people before establishing the dynasty , but some other historians believed that both the founder were ruling small territories before setting up their dynasty.

2-The biggest cause of creation of both dynasty was the marriage with a rich and powerful family.

3-Both supported the weakest religions, Mazdaki in Iran and Brahma in India.

4-Sassanid's recollected the Avesta book and organized it as it is available now; Gupta's also recollected and arranged Veda.

5-Both dynasties were spreading the knowledge and science, and all were scientists.

6-Titles given to the kings of both dynasties on their gravestone were similar to each other. eg: Smudra king used to call his first and second ancestors as king, and his third ancestor as "king of kings" (who was his father). The same case for Shapur that used to call his ancestors as king and his father "king of kings"

7-Buddhist writers have divided India into 16 states and Iran also was divided into 16 states in Avesta.

Political Relations:

India and Iran (in contrary to Rome in west and Turks and Barbarian tribes in east and northeast) were never having animosity with each other. Even though historians in the past were looking for exaggeration in the wars between two countries , but still there is no written document showing war between Iran and India , also some documents show the existence of embassies of these two countries.

During Sassanid's , simultaneously "Kushan" in Pakistan , Gupta's and consequently Virden's in north and center of India and "Chalukyas" in south were ruling.

East part of Sassanid's territory was part of Punjab and near to Mumbai and Secestan and Kabul and major part of Kuahan till Peshawar town[13], and even at 3rd century B.C. they came up to Molove in central India (that later turned to be one of the major and central parts of the power of Guptas).[14] At the time of Ardashir , Punjab got occupied by Sassanid's and recently some coins have been found there which are minted in a way that’s similar to Sassanid's kings and also Kushanid kings.[15] It's supposed that after Ardashir , some parts of India have been occupied by first Shapur , since in some parts of the scripts of first Shapur in Ka'aba Zardusht , something are written about India in Latin.[16]

After him , Shapur2 (276-293 A.D. ) has taken some parts of north and were of India[17] , in that also Gujarat and Malova were under the control of Sassanid's but during Chandra Gupta 2 (390-400 A.D. ) again they came under the control of Indian king and Kalidas – Indian scriptwriter – has recognized Sind (Indus) river as the border of these two countries.[18] Bahram-e-Gur (421-438 A.D.) , according to Islamic historians , has visited India in[19] an anonymous manner and one of his wife's in also from India.[20]

At the time of Khosroes Anoshiravan (531-579 A.D.), there was a great progress in the relations between Iran and India and many ambassadors have been transferred between these two countries.[21]

Khosroes Parviz and kings of south India (Chalukyas), Polaksin 2 (590-628 A.D.) have transferred lots of ambassadors and have given some gifts to each other. Some of the gifts given by Indian king to Khosroes Parviz are as: Elephant, sword, hawk, gold woven, cotton and so an.[22] besides historians have written about military transactions such as Elephants. Elephants that were the symbol of Sassanid's army, obviously have been taken from India. After Khosroes Parviz, Iran was in anarchy, so there is no sign of relations between these two countries at that time. By entering Islam to Iran, some of Iranians have migrations to India and settled there and they carried the name and culture of Iran to India.

Commercial Relations:

During Gupta, India was having relations with Iran through land and sea. Through land, Indians were going to Pishavar( Capital of Kushanid's) and they were passing through "Kheibar" valley and they were going to Bacteria (Balkh) and from there, they were going toward west and Khurasan and then Rey and Hamedan (Hegmatana) and then to Azarpategan (Azerbaijan) and Caucasia or to Kermanshah and Iraq and from there to Shaam (Syria) and Rome.

Through sea way, Indian ships were moving from Sind river and after passing Iran Banks, they were reaching Shatt-al-Arab and from there they were going to Euphrates and some were going from Tigris to Tisfun or Balash and from there, they were going to the border of Rome or through Arab sea, they were going to the south of Saudi Arab peninsula and through Red Sea they were going Sina Desert and from there to Shaam or Iskandarya or Rome.[23] During Ardashir, merchants were going directly from Persian Gulf to India and Srilanka and they were taking spices, silk, and other precious merchants.[24]

For the first time in "paladius History" there was written some thing Sassanid's ships in Indian ocean during fourth century, later in Nonstory Almanac, there was also something about transactions with India and Srilanka during "Yazdgerd 1"[25]. Seylan (srilanka) also is island with a unique geographical location as it's the center of all ships while going and coming from Iran, India and Habasha (Ethiopia).

From the far countries (such as Indonesia and other commercial places), goods (silk, clove, wood and chairs) are taken and sent to "malove", which was the center of pepper and "Kaliana", which was the center of copper.[26] Some of the most famous Indian goods were steel and sword. Indian were famous in making sword, as aborigines of India could get the knowledge of making high quality swords by combining steel and carbon.[27]

Scientific, Cultural and Art Relations:

 During Sassanid's era, relations between Iran and India got revived; especially from the last years of Sassanid's, during which these two countries were border neighbors, the sign of these relations can be seen more explicitly. Some of the outstanding examples of these relations are the engravings on the stones of well known caves of Ajanta and all painting on it's walls and ceiling that goes back to the 7th century before Christ. There you can see the engraved picture of the king of south India (Chalakyas), Polaksian 2, while welcoming to the messengers sent by Khosroes Parviz , in this picture , all clothes , jewelries , face and figure of Iranians can be seen completely.[28] At the time when Iran's civilization and culture was entering India, Iran also was getting affected by the culture and civilization of India. Most of the designs which belong to that era (like dragons similar to peacock, roosters and twisted flower) are originally Indians.[29] This effect can be seen in tiling also, as tillers of Bishapur have shown the beauty of human body in their art works and the way of painting this figure are an imitation of the Indian tiling art during Gupta's.[30] In Shahname (written by Firdausi) it's mentioned that Bahram Gur has requested Shangel (king of India) to sent some tamers and singers to him and by coming these people,[31] Iranians learnt the art and music techniques of Indians, and also with the consent of Khosroes Anoshiravan with sending Borzoie (physician) to India, the way got paved to transfer "Kelile va Demne" to Iran to be translated. This books that goes back to third and fourth century is about ethics and philosophy of Indians and maybe for the first time it's translated into Persian from Sanskrit. By all the translations which have been done in different areas, such as mathematics, astrology, medicals and literature (eg: Panjaya Tantara) from Indian language to Persian, it can be obviously claim that Iranians were interested in the thoughts and science of Indians and existence of Indians teachers in Jondi Shapur university of medical science is a proof of having relations in science. In the letter which is written by Tenser, Indians are called as greatly smart and the story of discussion between king of India and Khosroes Anoshiravan about invention of chess by Indians and dibs by Iranians written: "Pahlavi language" and such cultural translations between these two countries have been stated in "Shahname" also. There is an engraving about "rostam" which belongs to the Nersi era and is known as "Paikoli", in which the picture of guests in the king's crowning ceremony have been engraved and in some parts of this picture, Sakaee guests from Kativar of India is displayed and it shows the travelling of Indians to Iran.

Religious Relations:

-Manes:

 Manes was an Iranian prophet that started to invite people to his religion at the time of first shapur of Sassanid's dynasty, but after not getting popularity in Iran he has chosen to go to India and after some times in India, he has got some followers.[32]

He was born on 216 B.C. and after being chosen as prophet, has converted his father and all his relatives to his religion. But the commencement of his prophet hood job was not from Mesopotamia and it was from India. He also says that: "I started to preach and train people and I went to India. I taught them to have hope of life and I chosen an elective group.[33] Buddhist in India has put lots of effects on Manes's thoughts and those effects can be seen in the structure of his religion and also in the ways that he has chosen to train common people. Some of the beliefs of Manes has characteristics of religions of India and Iran, eg: soaring of soul after death that has obviously been imitated from those two religions and there also can be found combination of Zoroaster, Buddhist and Christianity[34]. When he got hanged up, his followers were getting annoyed [35]so most of them chosed to go to India, as the condition for accepting this religion was better there.[36]

-Buddhist:

It's one of the oldest religions created in India and penetrated in most of the neighbor and non-neighbor countries. As Iran was neighbor of India at the time of Sassanid's, so this religion got it's highest popularity in Iran at that time. When two religions of "Veda" and "Brahma" could not get popularity between common people of India, somebody was born in India at 563 with the name of "Sidharta" and later became the founder of a new religion called Buddhist.[37] Buddhist in it's sayings is talking about excellence, being moderate and it is blaming laziness and excess in pleasure and having fun and it's pressing abstinence and is considering made racy as the only was to reach felicity. Even after his death, this religion continued to spread in east and southern Asia. In Buddhist (as apposite to Brahma) the difference between social classed has been removed and it was one of the reasons that this religion got popularity between common people. Buddhist came to Iran by Kushanid's government and it got popular in east part of Iran.[38] At the time of Shapur, when Sassanid'd destroyed the Kushanid's emperor, unwilling took this religion into the territory of Sassanid's and this religion with it's widespread propaganda got popular even in the central parts of Iran, it also impressed Piruz. (Brother of Shapur 1)

-Christianity and it's entrance to India by Iranians:

 Christianity, specially Nestorian’s, spreaded in India by Iranians. Even though Christian preachers were going to India to preach and spread Christianity, but the main reason of spreading this religion in India is by commercial land roads and sea ways, specially sea ways which were getting increased between Iran and India during Sassanid's kings, even merchants were preaching Christianity, that's why we can find some Christians in south of India and China and Srilanka (their forefathers have accepted Christianity during Sassanid's).[39]

In some of the big cities around Madras (India), there are some churches that were established by Nestorians and around the cross, some writings can be seen in Pahlavi languages.[40] All the words written in this scripts in different churches are similar to each other and there is no significant difference between them and each of them includes 12 parts. Even tough Nestorians Christianity was not originated from Iran, but it grew up in Iran by the help and support of Sassanid's kings, so every where it used to be called as Iranian Christianity. This religion came to India by Iranians and some part of the Iranian culture (such as Pahlavi language) also entered to India along with this religion.

Conclusion:

 Iranian and Indians are originally from one single race (Aria) . Indians and Iranians are like two Asian brothers that used to live together at the same region for a long period of time. Because of the common race of these two nations, common history and common interests are created and consequently common beliefs. During the history, Iranians and Indians were having relations in different ways; some times they were like two close friends and some other times like two enemies fighting to each other. some times Iran used to be a safe shelter for Indian refugees and some other times India was the shelter for Iranians. During Sassanid's era, both this nations were a little far from their originality and maybe even some times they were unaware of the fact that they had common history. During Sassanid's, there used to be an increasing difference between culture of these two nations and these differences were the cause of having some effect on each other.

It's undeniable that Iran get affected by the science of other neighbor counties, but we should not forget that it was one of the influencing power in arts. It's right that Buddhist and Christianity of India had an influence on Iran, but Iranian Manes and Nonstory Christianity also had an effect on India.  

References

*Schrato,Umberto: Sassanian Art, translated by Yaghub Ajand, Tehran, Mola Publications,1383.

*Yarshater,Ehsan: History of Iran(Cambridge),first part,3rd voll. Translated by Hassan Anoushe,Tehran,Amirkabir Publications,1372.

*The Encyclopedia Americana – International Edition , complete in thirty Vol.1 ,copy light 1988.

*Smith, Vincent :The Oxford History of India , Third Edition , Edition by Percival spear, university press Oxford,1961.

*Majumdar, Advanced History of India ,London ,Mc Milan 8 Co.,LTD,1958.

*Mahrin, Abbas , Neighbors of Iran During Sassanid's , Tehran , Ataee publication , 1351.

*Sami, Ali, Sassanid Civilization, second voll. , Shiraz, Department of literature of Shiraz university , 1342.

*Saiks , Sir Persi, Iran's History, first voll. , translation by Fakhr-e-Daie, Tehran, Zavvar publication, 1335.

*Goetz, Iran Heritage, under inspection of Arbery, translation by Ahmad Birashk, Tehran, central of translation and publication of books, 1336.

*Shahryar Naghavi, Seyed Heidar. Sassanid's and India and Pakistan, ministry of art and culture publication

*Shoshtari(Mahrin), Abbas, Iran Name , Tehran , Asia publication, 1342.

*Tabari, Mohammad ben Jarir, Tarikh –al- rosol –val- moluk(Tarikh Tabari), Mohammad Abolfazl Ibrahim, Beirut, second part.

* Ibn –al- Asir , azzoddin, Tarikh –al- Kamel, translated by Dr. Seyyed Hussein ROhani, second voll. Tehran, Asatir publication, 1370.

*Tenet, j. e. , Ceylon , Vol1. , London, 1860.

*Balami, Balami History, edited by Mohammad Taghi Bahar, Tehran, university of Tehran publication,1341.

*Horani, George, Arab's sailing in Indian sea in during old ages and first medieval countries, translation by Dr. Mohammad Moghaddam, Tehran, Ibn Sina publication, 1338.

*White House, and Andrew Williamson , Sassanid's commercial Activities through sea , translated by Gew Aghasi, Tehran, Katibe publication

*Procopius , Iran and Rome wars, translated by saeedi, Tehran , center of translation and publication of books , 1338.

*Durant, Will. History of Civilization (The East, Cradle of Civilization). Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications, 1992.

*Zimmer , The Art of Indian Asia , its mythology and transformation , vol1

*Girshman, roman: Iran from beginning up to Islam, translated by Mohammad Moein, Tehran, center of translation and publication of books,1344.

*Pirnia, Hassan: History of Ancient Iran, Tehran, Dariaee ketab publication, 1375.

*Vidin Garn, Geo: Mani and his doctrines,translated by Safaii Isfahani,Tehran, Markaz publication,1367.

*Biruni, Abureihan: Tahghigh-mal-Hind, Manuchehr Sadeghi, Tehran, department of culture and research and studies , 1362.

*Ibn Ibri, History of ancient Iran, translated by Mohammad javad Mashkur, Tehran, mousavi printing company, 1328.

*Mashkur, Mohammad Javad: Iran during ancient times, Tehran, Ashrafi publication, 1357.

*Azari, Alaeddin: Iran's religions during Sassanid's era, Tehran, Amirkabir publication, 1367.

*Shoshtari, Iranians religions in Sassanid's era,Tehran,asia publication, 1342.

 

              

                                                                                                                    

           

   


[1]  PhD Scholar of History, University of Mysore, India-E-mail: rahimghazi55@gmail.com.

[2] M.A. , Ph.D. , Professor, Department of Studies in History, University of Mysore, Mysore, 570006,  India

[3] Schrato, Umberto: Sassanian Art, translated by Yaghub Ajand, Tehran , Mola Publications,1383.p.35 .

[4] Yarshater,Ehsan: History of Iran(Cambridge),first part,3rd voll. translated by Hassan Anoushe,Tehran, Amirkabir Publications,1372,pp.234-6.

[5] Smith , Vincent :The Oxford History of India , Third Edition , Edition by Percival spear, university press Oxford,1961,p.164

[6]The Encyclopedia Americana – International Edition , complete in thirty Vol.1 ,copy light 1988,p.42

[7] Majumdar, Advanced History of India ,London ,Mc Milan 8 Co.,LTD,1958,p.144

[8] Mahrin, Abbas , Neighbors of Iran During Sassanid's , Tehran , Ataee publication , 1351, p.232 . 

[9] Mahrin, Ibid, pp. 145-6.

[10]Mahrin, Ibid, p. 148.

[11]Mahrin, Ibid, p. 237.

[12]Mahrin, Ibid, p. 171.

[13] Sami, Ali, Sassanid Civilization, second voll.,Shiraz,Department of literature of Shiraz university,1342, p.251

[14] Goetz, Iran Heritage , under inspection of Arbery, translation by Ahmad Birashk, Tehran, central of translation and publication of books, 1336,p.145 . 

[15] Saiks , Sir Persi, Iran's History, first voll. , translation by Fakhr-e-Daie, Tehran, Zavvar publication, 1335, p.536 

[16]Shahryar Naghavi,Seyed Heidar:Sassanid's and India and Pakistan,ministry of art and culture publication, p.172

[17] Mahrin, Ibid , p.226 .

[18] Shoshtari(Mahrin), Abbas, Iran Name , Tehran , Asia publication, 1342, p. 314 .

[19] Tabari, Mohammad ben Jarir, Tarikh –al- rosol –val- moluk(Tarikh Tabari), Mohammad Abolfazl Ibrahim, Beirut, second part,p. 625; Ibn –al- Asir , azzoddin, Tarikh –al- Kamel, translated by Dr. Seyyed Hussein ROhani, second voll. Tehran, Asatir publication, 1370, pp. 471-2 . 

[20] Balami, Balami History, edited by Mohammad Taghi Bahar, Tehran, university of Tehran university publication, 1341, p. 945 .

[21]Tenet, j. e. , Ceylon , Vol1. , London , 1860 , p. 589

[22]Durant, Will. History of Civilization (The East, Cradle of Civilization). Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications, 1992, p. 658 .

[23]Mahrin, Iran Neighbor's , pp. 251-3 .

[24] Horani, George, Arab's sailing in Indian sea in during old ages and first medieval countries, translation by Dr. Mohammad Moghaddam, Tehran, Ibn Sina publication, 1338, p. 38. 

[25] White House, and Andrew Williamson , Sassanid's commercial Activities through sea , translated by Gew Aghasi, Tehran, Katibe publication, p. 48 . 

[26] Procopius , Iran and Rome wars, translated by saeedi, Tehran , center of translation and publication of books , 1338, p. 104 .

[27] Nehro, Ibid, p. 190 .

[28] Zimmer , The Art of Indian Asia , its mythology and transformation , vol1 , p.356 ; Tabari, Ibid, p.123 .

[29] Goetz , Ibid, p.145 .

[30] Girshman, roman: Iran from beginning up to Islam, translated by Mohammad Moein, Tehran, center of translation and publication of books,1344, p. 214 .

[31] Pirnia, Hassan: History of Ancient Iran, Tehran, Dariaee ketab publication, 1375, p. 313 .

[32] Biruni, Abureihan: Tahghigh-mal-Hind, Manuchehr Sadeghi, Tehran, department of culture and research and studies , 1362, p. 38 .

[33] Vidin Garn, Geo: Mani and his doctrines, translated by Safaii Isfahani,Tehran, Markaz publication,1367. P.42. 

[34] Vidin Garn, Geo: Ibid, p. 86 .

[35] Ibn Ibri, History of ancient Iran, translated by Mohammad javad Mashkur, Tehran, mousavi printing company, 1328, p. 43 .

[36] Vidin Garn, Geo: Ibid, p. 182 .

[37] Mashkur, Mohammad Javad: Iran during ancient times, Tehran, Ashrafi publication, 1357, p. 314 .

[38] Azari, Alaeddin: Iran's religions during Sassanid's era, Tehran, Amirkabir publication, 1367, p. 131 .

[39] Shoshtari, Iranians religions in Sassanid's era,Tehran,asia publication, 1342,p. 100 .

[40] Shahryar Naghavi: Sassanid's and India and Pakistan,p. 178 .